---
title: "State Route 4 Campaign"
type: "pdf"
year: "2008"
canonical: "/projects/1237"
---

# State Route 4 

# Table of Contents

- [State Route 4](#state-route-4)
  - [Campaign](#campaign)
- [Office Of The Sheriff](#office-of-the-sheriff)
- [1.1.2.2.2.2.3.3.3.4.](#1122223334)
  - [1.1.2.3.1.2.4.1.2.5.2.5.3.4.1.1.2.3.5.3.6.](#112312412525341123536)
  - [1.1.2.4.1.3.1.4.1.1.5.3.2.5.3.3.4.1.6.](#1124131411532533416)
  - [1.1.2.4.2.1.2.5.1.2.5.2.5.3.4.2.7.](#11242125125253427)
  - [1.1.2.5.2.1.3.1.4.2.5.3.2.5.3.3.4.2.8.](#1125213142532533428)
  - [1.1.2.6.1.3.1.4.1.3.2.5.3.3.4.3.](#1126131413253343)
  - [1.1.2.6.2.1.3.1.4.2.6.3.2.6.4.](#112621314263264)
  - [1.1.2.7.1.3.1.4.1.3.2.7.](#112713141327)
  - [1.1.2.7.2.1.3.1.4.2.7.](#11272131427)
  - [1.1.2.8.1.3.1.4.1.3.2.8.](#112813141328)
  - [1.1.2.8.2.1.3.1.4.2.8.](#11282131428)
  - [1.1.2.9.1.3.1.4.1.3.2.9.](#112913141329)
  - [1.1.2.9.2.1.3.1.4.2.9.](#11292131429)
  - [1.1.2.10.1.3.1.4.10.2.](#112101314102)
  - [1.1.2.10.2.1.4.1.3.2.1.](#112102141321)
  - [1.1.2.11.1.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.3.3.](#112111111214133)
  - [1.1.2.11.2.1.1.2.1.4.2.1.](#1121121121421)
  - [1.1.2.12.1.1.1.2.1.4.2.1.](#1121211121421)
  - [1.1.2.12.2.1.1.2.1.4.2.2.](#1121221121422)
  - [1.1.2.13.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.1.](#1121311121431)
  - [1.1.2.13.2.1.1.2.1.4.4.1.](#1121321121441)
  - [1.1.2.14.1.1.1.2.1.4.2.1.](#1121411121421)
  - [1.1.2.14.2.1.1.2.1.4.3.2.](#1121421121432)
  - [1.1.2.15.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.](#112151112141)
  - [1.1.2.15.2.1.1.2.1.4.2.2.](#1121521121422)
  - [1.1.2.16.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.1.](#1121611121431)
  - [1.1.2.16.2.1.1.2.1.4.4.2.](#1121621121442)
  - [1.1.2.17.1.1.1.2.1.4.5.1.](#1121711121451)
  - [1.1.2.17.2.1.1.2.1.4.6.1.](#1121721121461)
  - [1.1.2.18.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.1.](#1121811121471)
  - [1.1.2.18.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.1.](#1121811121481)
  - [1.1.2.19.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.1.](#1121911121431)
  - [1.1.2.20.1.1.1.2.2.1.](#11220111221)
  - [1.1.2.20.1.1.1.2.2.1.](#11220111221)
  - [1.1.2.21.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.2.](#1122111121432)
  - [1.1.2.21.1.1.1.2.1.4.4.1.](#1122111121441)
  - [1.1.2.21.1.1.1.2.1.4.2.1.](#1122111121421)
  - [1.1.2.21.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.3.](#1122111121433)
  - [1.1.2.22.1.1.1.2.1.4.4.2.](#1122211121442)
  - [1.1.2.22.1.1.1.2.1.4.5.1.](#1122211121451)
  - [1.1.2.22.1.1.1.2.1.4.6.1.](#1122211121461)
  - [1.1.2.22.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.2.](#1122211121472)
  - [1.1.2.23.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.4.](#1122311121434)
  - [1.1.2.23.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.3.](#1122311121473)
  - [1.1.2.23.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.3.](#1122311121483)
  - [1.1.2.23.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.5.](#1122311121435)
  - [1.1.2.24.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.4.](#1122411121474)
  - [1.1.2.24.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.4.](#1122411121484)
  - [1.1.2.24.1.1.1.2.1.4.9.1.](#1122411121491)
  - [1.1.2.24.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.3.](#1122411121413)
  - [1.1.2.25.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1122511121414)
  - [1.1.2.25.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.1.](#1122511121431)
  - [1.1.2.25.1.1.1.2.1.4.4.1.](#1122511121441)
  - [1.1.2.25.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.2.](#1122511121432)
  - [1.1.2.26.1.1.1.2.1.4.4.1.](#1122611121441)
  - [1.1.2.26.1.1.1.2.1.4.5.2.](#1122611121452)
  - [1.1.2.30.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.3.](#1123011121473)
  - [1.1.2.30.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.4.](#1123011121484)
  - [1.1.2.30.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.3.](#1123011121433)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.4.](#1123111121474)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.5.](#1123111121485)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.9.1.](#1123111121491)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.3.](#1123111121413)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.5.](#1123111121485)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.9.1.](#1123111121491)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.3.](#1123111121413)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
  - [1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4.](#1123111121414)
- [Route 4 Campaign](#route-4-campaign)
- [1. Introduction](#1-introduction)
  - [1.1.1. Introduction](#111-introduction)
  - [1.1.2.1. Basic Concepts](#1121-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.2.2. Basic Concepts](#1122-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.3. Basic Concepts](#113-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.3.1. Basic Concepts](#1131-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.3.2. Basic Concepts](#1132-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.3.3. Basic Concepts](#1133-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.3.4. Basic Concepts](#1134-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4. Basic Concepts](#114-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.1. Basic Concepts](#1141-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.2. Basic Concepts](#1142-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.3. Basic Concepts](#1143-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.4. Basic Concepts](#1144-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.5. Basic Concepts](#1145-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.6. Basic Concepts](#1146-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7. Basic Concepts](#1147-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.8. Basic Concepts](#1148-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.9. Basic Concepts](#1149-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.10. Basic Concepts](#11410-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.11. Basic Concepts](#11411-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.12. Basic Concepts](#11412-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.13. Basic Concepts](#11413-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.14. Basic Concepts](#11414-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.15. Basic Concepts](#11415-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.16. Basic Concepts](#11416-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.17. Basic Concepts](#11417-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.18. Basic Concepts](#11418-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.19. Basic Concepts](#11419-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.20. Basic Concepts](#11420-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.21. Basic Concepts](#11421-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.22. Basic Concepts](#11422-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.23. Basic Concepts](#11423-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.24. Basic Concepts](#11424-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.25. Basic Concepts](#11425-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.26. Basic Concepts](#11426-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.27. Basic Concepts](#11427-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.28. Basic Concepts](#11428-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.29. Basic Concepts](#11429-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.30. Basic Concepts](#11430-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.31. Basic Concepts](#11431-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.32. Basic Concepts](#11432-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.33. Basic Concepts](#11433-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.34. Basic Concepts](#11434-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.35. Basic Concepts](#11435-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.36. Basic Concepts](#11436-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.37. Basic Concepts](#11437-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.38. Basic Concepts](#11438-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.39. Basic Concepts](#11439-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.40. Basic Concepts](#11440-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.41. Basic Concepts](#11441-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.42. Basic Concepts](#11442-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.43. Basic Concepts](#11443-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.44. Basic Concepts](#11444-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.45. Basic Concepts](#11445-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.46. Basic Concepts](#11446-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.47. Basic Concepts](#11447-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.48. Basic Concepts](#11448-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.49. Basic Concepts](#11449-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.50. Basic Concepts](#11450-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.51. Basic Concepts](#11451-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.52. Basic Concepts](#11452-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.53. Basic Concepts](#11453-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.54. Basic Concepts](#11454-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.55. Basic Concepts](#11455-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.56. Basic Concepts](#11456-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.57. Basic Concepts](#11457-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.58. Basic Concepts](#11458-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.59. Basic Concepts](#11459-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.60. Basic Concepts](#11460-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.61. Basic Concepts](#11461-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.62. Basic Concepts](#11462-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.63. Basic Concepts](#11463-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.64. Basic Concepts](#11464-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.65. Basic Concepts](#11465-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.66. Basic Concepts](#11466-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.67. Basic Concepts](#11467-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.68. Basic Concepts](#11468-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.69. Basic Concepts](#11469-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.70. Basic Concepts](#11470-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.71. Basic Concepts](#11471-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.72. Basic Concepts](#11472-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.73. Basic Concepts](#11473-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.74. Basic Concepts](#11474-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.75. Basic Concepts](#11475-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.76. Basic Concepts](#11476-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.77. Basic Concepts](#11477-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.78. Basic Concepts](#11478-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.79. Basic Concepts](#11479-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.80. Basic Concepts](#11480-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.81. Basic Concepts](#11481-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.82. Basic Concepts](#11482-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.83. Basic Concepts](#11483-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.84. Basic Concepts](#11484-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.85. Basic Concepts](#11485-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.86. Basic Concepts](#11486-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.87. Basic Concepts](#11487-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.88. Basic Concepts](#11488-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.89. Basic Concepts](#11489-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.90. Basic Concepts](#11490-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.91. Basic Concepts](#11491-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.92. Basic Concepts](#11492-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.93. Basic Concepts](#11493-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.94. Basic Concepts](#11494-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.95. Basic Concepts](#11495-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.96. Basic Concepts](#11496-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.97. Basic Concepts](#11497-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.98. Basic Concepts](#11498-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.99. Basic Concepts](#11499-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.10. Basic Concepts](#11410-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.11. Basic Concepts](#11411-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.12. Basic Concepts](#11412-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.13. Basic Concepts](#11413-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.14. Basic Concepts](#11414-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.15. Basic Concepts](#11415-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.16. Basic Concepts](#11416-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.17. Basic Concepts](#11417-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.18. Basic Concepts](#11418-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.19. Basic Concepts](#11419-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.20. Basic Concepts](#11420-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.21. Basic Concepts](#11421-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.22. Basic Concepts](#11422-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.23. Basic Concepts](#11423-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.24. Basic Concepts](#11424-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.25. Basic Concepts](#11425-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.26. Basic Concepts](#11426-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.27. Basic Concepts](#11427-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.28. Basic Concepts](#11428-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.29. Basic Concepts](#11429-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.30. Basic Concepts](#11430-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.31. Basic Concepts](#11431-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.32. Basic Concepts](#11432-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.33. Basic Concepts](#11433-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.34. Basic Concepts](#11434-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.35. Basic Concepts](#11435-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.36. Basic Concepts](#11436-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.37. Basic Concepts](#11437-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.38. Basic Concepts](#11438-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.39. Basic Concepts](#11439-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.40. Basic Concepts](#11440-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.41. Basic Concepts](#11441-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.42. Basic Concepts](#11442-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.43. Basic Concepts](#11443-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.44. Basic Concepts](#11444-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.45. Basic Concepts](#11445-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.46. Basic Concepts](#11446-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.47. Basic Concepts](#11447-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.48. Basic Concepts](#11448-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.49. Basic Concepts](#11449-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.50. Basic Concepts](#11450-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.51. Basic Concepts](#11451-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.52. Basic Concepts](#11452-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.53. Basic Concepts](#11453-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.54. Basic Concepts](#11454-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.55. Basic Concepts](#11455-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.56. Basic Concepts](#11456-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.57. Basic Concepts](#11457-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.58. Basic Concepts](#11458-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.59. Basic Concepts](#11459-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.60. Basic Concepts](#11460-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.61. Basic Concepts](#11461-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.62. Basic Concepts](#11462-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.63. Basic Concepts](#11463-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.64. Basic Concepts](#11464-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.65. Basic Concepts](#11465-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.66. Basic Concepts](#11466-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.67. Basic Concepts](#11467-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.68. Basic Concepts](#11468-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.69. Basic Concepts](#11469-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.70. Basic Concepts](#11470-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.71. Basic Concepts](#11471-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.72. Basic Concepts](#11472-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.73. Basic Concepts](#11473-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.74. Basic Concepts](#11474-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.75. Basic Concepts](#11475-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.76. Basic Concepts](#11476-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.77. Basic Concepts](#11477-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.78. Basic Concepts](#11478-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.79. Basic Concepts](#11479-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.710. Basic Concepts](#114710-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.711. Basic Concepts](#114711-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.712. Basic Concepts](#114712-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.72. Basic Concepts](#11472-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.73. Basic Concepts](#11473-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.74. Basic Concepts](#11474-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.75. Basic Concepts](#11475-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.76. Basic Concepts](#11476-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.77. Basic Concepts](#11477-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.78. Basic Concepts](#11478-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.79. Basic Concepts](#11479-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.710. Basic Concepts](#114710-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.711. Basic Concepts](#114711-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.712. Basic Concepts](#114712-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.713. Basic Concepts](#114713-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.714. Basic Concepts](#114714-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.715. Basic Concepts](#114715-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.716. Basic Concepts](#114716-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.717. Basic Concepts](#114717-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.718. Basic Concepts](#114718-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.719. Basic Concepts](#114719-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.720. Basic Concepts](#114720-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.721. Basic Concepts](#114721-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.722. Basic Concepts](#114722-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.723. Basic Concepts](#114723-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.724. Basic Concepts](#114724-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.725. Basic Concepts](#114725-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.726. Basic Concepts](#114726-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.727. Basic Concepts](#114727-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.728. Basic Concepts](#114728-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.729. Basic Concepts](#114729-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.730. Basic Concepts](#114730-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.731. Basic Concepts](#114731-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.732. Basic Concepts](#114732-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.733. Basic Concepts](#114733-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.734. Basic Concepts](#114734-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.735. Basic Concepts](#114735-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.736. Basic Concepts](#114736-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.737. Basic Concepts](#114737-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.738. Basic Concepts](#114738-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.739. Basic Concepts](#114739-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.740. Basic Concepts](#114740-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.741. Basic Concepts](#114741-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.742. Basic Concepts](#114742-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.743. Basic Concepts](#114743-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.744. Basic Concepts](#114744-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.745. Basic Concepts](#114745-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.746. Basic Concepts](#114746-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.747. Basic Concepts](#114747-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.748. Basic Concepts](#114748-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.749. Basic Concepts](#114749-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.750. Basic Concepts](#114750-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.751. Basic Concepts](#114751-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.752. Basic Concepts](#114752-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.753. Basic Concepts](#114753-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.754. Basic Concepts](#114754-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.755. Basic Concepts](#114755-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.756. Basic Concepts](#114756-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.757. Basic Concepts](#114757-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.758. Basic Concepts](#114758-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.759. Basic Concepts](#114759-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.760. Basic Concepts](#114760-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.761. Basic Concepts](#114761-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.762. Basic Concepts](#114762-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.763. Basic Concepts](#114763-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.764. Basic Concepts](#114764-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.765. Basic Concepts](#114765-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.766. Basic Concepts](#114766-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.767. Basic Concepts](#114767-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.768. Basic Concepts](#114768-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.769. Basic Concepts](#114769-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.770. Basic Concepts](#114770-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.771. Basic Concepts](#114771-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.772. Basic Concepts](#114772-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.773. Basic Concepts](#114773-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.774. Basic Concepts](#114774-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.775. Basic Concepts](#114775-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.776. Basic Concepts](#114776-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.777. Basic Concepts](#114777-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.778. Basic Concepts](#114778-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.779. Basic Concepts](#114779-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.780. Basic Concepts](#114780-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.781. Basic Concepts](#114781-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.782. Basic Concepts](#114782-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.783. Basic Concepts](#114783-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.784. Basic Concepts](#114784-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.785. Basic Concepts](#114785-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.786. Basic Concepts](#114786-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.787. Basic Concepts](#114787-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.788. Basic Concepts](#114788-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.789. Basic Concepts](#114789-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.790. Basic Concepts](#114790-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.791. Basic Concepts](#114791-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.792. Basic Concepts](#114792-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.793. Basic Concepts](#114793-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.794. Basic Concepts](#114794-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.795. Basic Concepts](#114795-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.796. Basic Concepts](#114796-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.797. Basic Concepts](#114797-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.798. Basic Concepts](#114798-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.799. Basic Concepts](#114799-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7910. Basic Concepts](#1147910-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7911. Basic Concepts](#1147911-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7914. Basic Concepts](#1147914-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7915. Basic Concepts](#1147915-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7916. Basic Concepts](#1147916-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7917. Basic Concepts](#1147917-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7912. Basic Concepts](#1147912-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7913. Basic Concepts](#1147913-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7918. Basic Concepts](#1147918-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
  - [1.1.4.7919. Basic Concepts](#1147919-basic-concepts)
- [State Route 4 Campaign](#state-route-4-campaign)
  - [UNION COUNTY](#union-county)
  - [Deaths on](#deaths-on)
  - [Rt. 4 lead to crackdown on speeders](#rt-4-lead-to-crackdown-on-speeders)
  - [The crashes](#the-crashes)
- [CRACKDOWN](#crackdown)
- [THE RICHMOND AVERAGE](#the-richmond-average)
  - [Multi-agency enforcement effort begins on Route 4](#multi-agency-enforcement-effort-begins-on-route-4)
- [The Columbus Dispatch](#the-columbus-dispatch)
  - [Dangerous Rt. 4 needs motorists' attention](#dangerous-rt-4-needs-motorists-attention)
- [Marysville Journal-Tribune](#marysville-journal-tribune)
  - ['Positive results' seen in Route 4 focus](#positive-results-seen-in-route-4-focus)
  - [Route 4](#route-4)
- [Rocky Nelson](#rocky-nelson)
- [Ohio State Highway Patrol](#ohio-state-highway-patrol)
  - [State and County agencies will partner for safety on State Route 4](#state-and-county-agencies-will-partner-for-safety-on-state-route-4)
- [Ohio State Highway Patrol](#ohio-state-highway-patrol)
  - [Multi-agency enforcement effort to begin on State Route 4](#multi-agency-enforcement-effort-to-begin-on-state-route-4)
- [Rocky Nelson](#rocky-nelson)
- [GHSO](#ghso)
  - [State Route #4 Enforcement Evaluation Project](#state-route-4-enforcement-evaluation-project)
- [UNION COUNTY](#union-county)
  - [Deaths on Rt. 4 lead to crackdown on speeders](#deaths-on-rt-4-lead-to-crackdown-on-speeders)
  - [Holly Zachariah](#holly-zachariah)
  - [THE COLUMBUS DISPATCH](#the-columbus-dispatch)
- [The crashes](#the-crashes)
- [Sample Press Release Proposal](#sample-press-release-proposal)
  - [Multi-agency enforcement effort to begin on State Route 4](#multi-agency-enforcement-effort-to-begin-on-state-route-4)
- [Interoffice](#interoffice)
  - [Memorandum](#memorandum)
- [Interoffice Memorandum](#interoffice-memorandum)
- [\# \#](#)
- [1. Introduction](#1-introduction)
  - [2. Fundamental Principles](#2-fundamental-principles)
    - [2.1 Wave-Particle Duality](#21-wave-particle-duality)
    - [2.2 Superposition](#22-superposition)
    - [2.3 Uncertainty Principle](#23-uncertainty-principle)
  - [3. Mathematical Formulations](#3-mathematical-formulations)
    - [3.1 Schrödinger Equation](#31-schrödinger-equation)
    - [3.2 Dirac Notation](#32-dirac-notation)
  - [4. Practical Applications](#4-practical-applications)
    - [4.1 Quantum Computing](#41-quantum-computing)
    - [4.2 Quantum Cryptography](#42-quantum-cryptography)
  - [5. Conclusion](#5-conclusion)
  - [6. References](#6-references)

## Campaign

# Table of Contents

|  1 | Nomination Letter  |
| --- | --- |
|  2 | State Route 4 Project Summary  |
|  3 | State Route 4 Project Description  |
|  4 | Newspaper Articles Supporting Documentation  |
|  5 | Participant Roster  |
|  6 |   |
|  7 |   |
|  8 |   |
|  9 |   |
|  10 |   |
|  11 |   |
|  12 |   |


![img-0.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-0.jpeg)

# Office Of The Sheriff

**ROCKY W. NELSON**

**Union County Sheriff**

May 30, 2008

2008 Herman Goldstein Award
Rob T. Guerette, Ph.D
School of Criminal Justice
Florida International University
11200 S.W. 8th Street
Miami, FL 33199

RE: Nomination for Lt. Jeff Frisch and St. Rt. 4 Campaign

Dear Mr. Guerette:

The Union County Sheriff's Office would like to nominate Lt. Jeff Frisch and the State Route 4 Campaign for the 2008 Herman Goldstein Award. Lt. Frisch is the Division Commander for the Union County Sheriff's Office Patrol Division and has been an employee for the Sheriff's Office for 21 years, but has a total of 27 years of service in Law Enforcement.

A stretch of State Route 4 from Union County to Marion County has been a safety problem for some time. The Union County Sheriff's Office has been trying to get the safety problems under control, but after a fatal crash in January, 2007 Lt. Frisch went to Sheriff Nelson with concerns that State Route 4 was becoming dangerous. He suggested to Sheriff Nelson that they reallocate some of the budget to pay for overtime so that they may increase patrol on this route. Once the decision was made to reallocate the money needed to increase patrols, the Lt. Frisch spoke with Sheriff Nelson about contacting the Marion County Sheriff's Office, Ohio State Patrol, and the Governor's Highway Safety Office to talk about the problems on State Route 4 and possibly forming a task force if necessary.

On January 26, 2007, a meeting took place evaluating the data regarding State Route 4 and it was decided that a task force was needed. It was agreed that a high degree of public education and media advertisement would be important before any enforcement could begin. On February 23, 2007, two flashing message arrow boards were placed at predetermined locations on State Route 4 and numerous media releases were issued before the kickoff date of March 5, 2007.

221 WEST FIFTH STREET • MARYSVILLE, OHIO 43040

Emergency 9-1-1 • Non Emergency (937) 645-4100 • Sheriff and Administration (937) 645-4102 Fax (937) 645-4170

Investigations (937) 645-4101 • Court Services (937) 645-4103 Fax (937) 645-4171 • Toll Free 800-258-8278 In County Use Only

2008 Herman Goldstein Award

Page 2

May 30, 2008

On March 5, 2007, the Union County Sheriff's Office, Marion County Sheriff's Office, Ohio State Patrol and Governor's Highway Safety Office met with the media to announce the enforcement measures that were going to begin that day. This project had a time frame of 30-days at which time the agencies involved would evaluate the project and discuss its outcome. All agencies agreed to chart the activity on State Route 4 as of January 1, 2007 through the end of the project date of April 4, 2007.

On April 16, 2007, a meeting took place to go over the stats of this project. It was found that the enforcement on State Route 4 yielded very positive results during the thirty-day enforcement period. During this enforcement time frame there were 5 crashes, which decreased over 40% of the monthly average. Also, the average speed on State Route 4 dropped from 60.6 to 57 miles per hour, and the seat belt usage rate went from 78% to 87%. These numbers were very encouraging mostly because there were no injury crashes and no fatalities during the enforcement time period.

The Union County Sheriff's Office is working on getting further funding to continue the increased patrols to ensure the safety on this road. State Route 4 will continue to be a targeted area to ensure the safety of the citizens of Union County and those traveling through.

If Lt. Frisch would not have taken the initiative and brought this to Sheriff Nelson's attention, there is no telling how many lives may have been lost on this stretch of road. Because of Lt. Frisch's dedication to law enforcement and to the safety of those he serves State Route 4 is on its way to becoming a safer route to drive for all who travel on it.

Please accept this nomination for the 2008 Herman Goldstein Award; Lt. Jeff Frisch strives daily to make our community a safer place to live. If you have any questions regarding this information, please contact me at 937-425-4125.

Sincerely,

Rocky W. Nelson

Sheriff - Union County

RWN/amb

# 1.1.2.2.2.2.3.3.3.4. 

## 1.1.2.3.1.2.4.1.2.5.2.5.3.4.1.1.2.3.5.3.6. 

## 1.1.2.4.1.3.1.4.1.1.5.3.2.5.3.3.4.1.6. 

## 1.1.2.4.2.1.2.5.1.2.5.2.5.3.4.2.7. 

## 1.1.2.5.2.1.3.1.4.2.5.3.2.5.3.3.4.2.8. 

## 1.1.2.6.1.3.1.4.1.3.2.5.3.3.4.3. 

## 1.1.2.6.2.1.3.1.4.2.6.3.2.6.4. 

## 1.1.2.7.1.3.1.4.1.3.2.7. 

## 1.1.2.7.2.1.3.1.4.2.7. 

## 1.1.2.8.1.3.1.4.1.3.2.8. 

## 1.1.2.8.2.1.3.1.4.2.8. 

## 1.1.2.9.1.3.1.4.1.3.2.9. 

## 1.1.2.9.2.1.3.1.4.2.9. 

## 1.1.2.10.1.3.1.4.10.2. 

## 1.1.2.10.2.1.4.1.3.2.1. 

## 1.1.2.11.1.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.3.3. 

## 1.1.2.11.2.1.1.2.1.4.2.1. 

## 1.1.2.12.1.1.1.2.1.4.2.1. 

## 1.1.2.12.2.1.1.2.1.4.2.2. 

## 1.1.2.13.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.1. 

## 1.1.2.13.2.1.1.2.1.4.4.1. 

## 1.1.2.14.1.1.1.2.1.4.2.1. 

## 1.1.2.14.2.1.1.2.1.4.3.2. 

## 1.1.2.15.1.1.1.2.1.4.1. 

## 1.1.2.15.2.1.1.2.1.4.2.2. 

## 1.1.2.16.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.1. 

## 1.1.2.16.2.1.1.2.1.4.4.2. 

## 1.1.2.17.1.1.1.2.1.4.5.1. 

## 1.1.2.17.2.1.1.2.1.4.6.1. 

## 1.1.2.18.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.1. 

## 1.1.2.18.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.1. 

## 1.1.2.19.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.1. 

## 1.1.2.20.1.1.1.2.2.1. 

## 1.1.2.20.1.1.1.2.2.1. 

## 1.1.2.21.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.2. 

## 1.1.2.21.1.1.1.2.1.4.4.1. 

## 1.1.2.21.1.1.1.2.1.4.2.1. 

## 1.1.2.21.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.3. 

## 1.1.2.22.1.1.1.2.1.4.4.2. 

## 1.1.2.22.1.1.1.2.1.4.5.1. 

## 1.1.2.22.1.1.1.2.1.4.6.1. 

## 1.1.2.22.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.2. 

## 1.1.2.23.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.4. 

## 1.1.2.23.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.3. 

## 1.1.2.23.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.3. 

## 1.1.2.23.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.5. 

## 1.1.2.24.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.4. 

## 1.1.2.24.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.4. 

## 1.1.2.24.1.1.1.2.1.4.9.1. 

## 1.1.2.24.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.3. 

## 1.1.2.25.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.25.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.1. 

## 1.1.2.25.1.1.1.2.1.4.4.1. 

## 1.1.2.25.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.2. 

## 1.1.2.26.1.1.1.2.1.4.4.1. 

## 1.1.2.26.1.1.1.2.1.4.5.2. 

## 1.1.2.30.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.3. 

## 1.1.2.30.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.4. 

## 1.1.2.30.1.1.1.2.1.4.3.3. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.7.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.5. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.9.1. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.3. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.8.5. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.9.1. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.3. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 

## 1.1.2.31.1.1.1.2.1.4.1.4. 



# Route 4 Campaign 

A stretch of State Route 4 from Union County to Marion County has been a safety problem for some time. The Union County Sheriff's Office has been working on the safety problems to get them under control, but after a fatal crash in January, 2007 Lt. Frisch approached Sheriff Nelson with concerns that State Route 4 was becoming dangerous. He requested to reallocate some of the budget to pay for overtime so patrol on the route could be increased. Once the decision was made to reallocate the money needed to increase patrols; Lt. Frisch spoke with Sheriff Nelson about contacting the Marion County Sheriff's Office, Ohio State Patrol, and the Governor's Highway Safety Office to talk about the problems on State Route 4 and possibly forming a task force if necessary.

On January 26, 2007, a meeting took place evaluating the data regarding State Route 4 and it was decided that a task force was needed. It was agreed that a high degree of public education and media advertisement would be important before any enforcement could begin. On February 23, 2007, two flashing message arrow boards were placed at predetermined locations on State Route 4 and numerous media releases were issued before the kickoff date of March 5, 2007.

On March 5, 2007, the Union County Sheriff's Office, Marion County Sheriff's Office, Ohio State Patrol and Governor's Highway Safety Office met with the media to announce the enforcement measures that were going to begin that day. This project had a time frame of 30 -days at which time the agencies involved would evaluate the project and discuss its outcome. All agencies agreed to chart the activity on State Route 4 as of January 1, 2007 through the end of the project date of April 4, 2007.

On April 16, 2007, a meeting took place to go over the stats of this project. It was found that the enforcement on State Route 4 yielded very positive results during the thirty-day enforcement period. During this enforcement time frame there were 5 crashes, which decreased over $40 \%$ of the monthly average. Also, the average speed on State Route 4 dropped from 60.6 to 57 miles per hour, and the seat belt usage rate went from $78 \%$ to $87 \%$. These numbers were very encouraging mostly because there were no injury crashes and no fatalities during the enforcement time period.

If Lt. Frisch would not have taken the initiative and brought this to Sheriff Nelson's attention, there is no telling how many lives may have been lost on this stretch of road. Because of Lt. Frisch's dedication to law enforcement and to the safety of those he serves State Route 4 is on its way to becoming a safer route to drive for all who travel on it.

# 1. Introduction 

## 1.1.1. Introduction

1.1.2. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.2.1. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.2.2. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.3. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.3.1. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.3.2. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.3.3. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.3.4. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.1. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.2. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.3. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.4. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.5. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.6. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.7. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.8. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.9. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.10. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.11. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.12. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.13. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.14. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.15. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.16. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.17. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.18. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.19. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.20. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.21. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.22. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.23. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.24. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.25. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.26. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.27. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.28. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.29. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.30. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.31. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.32. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.33. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.34. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.35. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.36. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.37. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.38. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.39. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.40. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.41. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.42. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.43. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.44. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.45. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.46. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.47. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.48. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.49. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.50. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.51. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.52. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.53. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.54. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.55. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.56. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.57. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.58. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.59. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.60. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.61. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.62. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.63. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.64. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.65. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.66. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.67. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.68. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.69. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.70. Basic Concepts

## 1.1.4.71. Basic Concepts

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# State Route 4 Campaign 

The nature of the problem for State Route 4 was the continuous traffic accidents due to high rates of speed, resulting in tragedy in most cases. This problem was identified in January 2007 when a fatal accident occurred, so Lt. Jeff Frisch decided it was time to put an end to this dangerous stretch of road. Therefore, Lt. Frisch approached Sheriff Nelson with ideas for correcting this hazardous section of roadway and ongoing problems on State Route 4. This problem was selected due to the high volume of traffic accidents that had occurred over the past several years resulting in State Route 4 becoming unsafe for all who traveled on it. This became an even bigger concern when the accidents began turning into fatalities. The initial level of diagnosis was the fact this stretch of highway had recorded 54 injury and 4 fatal crashes between the years 2002 and 2007. Most recently, State Route 4 had one fatality in 2004, one in 2005, three in 2006 and already in January of 2007 one fatality had been reported. Lt. Frisch felt this was not acceptable and wanted to put an end to the climbing number of fatalities on State Route 4. The data information used for this campaign were the statistics used by the Union County Sheriff's Office for traffic accidents in our county with State Route 4 being singled out due to the high rate of fatalities. The history of this problem began in 2004 with one fatality until it began to climb to three fatalities in 2006. Contributing factors to the problem were motorists speeding, following too closely, improper passing or just making bad decisions resulting in losing control of their vehicle. Motorists being careless in their travels were a motivating factor for safer roadways. The problem resulted in harm to oneself or others by way of a car accident and in most cases death. This problem on State Route 4 was being addressed by regular patrol, ticketing and

friendly warnings, but this did not appear to be aggressive enough. Drivers were not responding to this action, so the results were not what the Sheriff's Office wanted to see. The Union County Sheriff's Office was interested in slowing drivers down to prevent the accidents that continued on this stretch of highway and it was evident aggressive measures would need to take place for this to happen. It was time to discontinue friendly warnings and begin writing tickets.

It was in January 2007 when a fatal crash occurred that it was evident the fatality rate would be larger than previous years. Lt. Frisch responded to this problem by approaching Sheriff Nelson with a plan of attack, which included forming a task force with Marion County Sheriff's Office (MCSO), Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT), Ohio State Highway Patrol - Post 80, the Governor's Highway Safety Office and the Union County Sheriff's Office (UCSO) placing emphasis on State Route 4. It was important that citizens be educated on the importance of State Route 4 becoming a safer route to drive. This began in late January when the task force met and decided the measures that needed to be taken. It was decided two flashing message arrow boards would be placed at predetermined locations on State Route 4, as well as numerous media releases would be issued before the kickoff of a multi-agency enforcement efforts. News publications were placed in local newspapers and with local TV stations to broadcast information regarding the traffic enforcement efforts. Motorists were reminded to slow down, buckle up and place children in the required child safety seats before traveling on the highway. By developing the task force, Lt. Frisch focused on accomplishing a safer route to travel with little or no accidents. The resources made available to solve this problem were the willingness and cooperation of the Ohio Department of Transportation

placing the arrow message boards on State Route 4, the area newspapers writing about the traffic enforcement, as well as, TV News media airing the initial kickoff and riding along with deputies showing footage of the enforcement efforts.

The targeted areas on State Route 4 during this enforcement period were among the deadliest in the state. The average numbers of crashes were 9 per month and have produced 4 fatalities in the last 12 months. Some of the contributing factors for these numbers would be excessive speed, following too closely, and improper passing. In addition to targeting those offenses, the agencies looked to increase the rate of seatbelt use, which would lower the rate and severity of injuries stemming from any crashes which did occur. As a result, in the thirty-day traffic enforcement period the agencies initiated 558 traffic stops. Of those stops 352 traffic citations were issued with 215 of them for speed, 19 for following too closely, and 76 for not wearing a seatbelt. During the month of the traffic enforcement there were 5 crashes, which decreased over $40 \%$ of the monthly average. The average speed has dropped on State Route 4 from 60.6 to 57 miles per hour, and the seatbelt usage rate went from $78 \%$ to $87 \%$. This task force has had a great impact on society and on law enforcement for they have paved the way to make State Route 4 a safer stretch of highway for motorist and citizens that live in these areas. Motorists are now aware that State Route 4 is a problem area and it is being enforced more heavily. Those traveling on State Route 4 are more conscious of their speeds than they were earlier this year and with continued efforts law enforcement officers anticipate keeping this road safer. There was great concern that motorist would begin these same bad habits on State Route 31, since this road runs parallel to State Route 4 , but this did not become a problem area. The liaison from the Governor's Highway

Safety Office compiled stats from all the agencies involved, so the agencies would be able to monitor the results of this enforcement effort. Motorists have been reminded that even though the primary enforcement efforts are over, attention to State Route 4 will continue. The signs may be down, but the efforts to improve the safety of citizens traveling on this route will continue. The initial results of the campaign are pleasing, but for all involved this is just a strong beginning...not the end.

Lt. Jeff Frisch initiated this effort by notifying Sheriff Rocky W. Nelson of the dangers that were escalating on State Route 4. He requested that they reallocate some of the budget to pay for overtime in efforts to increase patrol on this route. Once Lt. Frisch received the go ahead to reallocate money, he spoke with Sheriff Nelson about contacting the Marion County Sheriff's Office (MCSO), Ohio State Highway Patrol - Post 80, and the Governor's Highway Safety Office in the efforts of forming a task force. The Union County Sheriff's Office continually trains deputies on problem solving and proactive policing efforts. As stated above, the problems identified was the fact that motorists were making bad driving decisions, not using seatbelt restraints, following too closely, speeding and improper passing. The funding for this project was provided by a grant from the Ohio Governor's Office of Highway Safety allowing the agencies involved to pay the overtime needed to have a successful enforcement task force.

The project contact information:

Lt. Jeff Frisch
Division Patrol Commander
221 West 5th Street
Marysville, Ohio 43040
937-645-4125
937-645-4170
abosch@co.union.oh.us


## UNION COUNTY

## Deaths on

## Rt. 4 lead to crackdown on speeders

By Holly Zachariah
THE COLUMBUS DISPATCH

MARYSVILLE, Ohio - Three months' time. Three people dead. One short stretch of rural highway.

That was enough to get people's attention.

Local government, the State Highway Patrol and the sheriff all set their sights on an 11mile stretch of Rt. 4 from Marysville north to the UnionDelaware county line in an attempt to end a rash of fatal traffic crashes.

On a highway that saw one fatality in 2004 and one in 2005, three people died last year. And one person has died already in 2007.

So beginning Monday, authorities will go after speeders and aggressive drivers.

They have slapped down pavement markings to help aircraft judge the speed of
![img-1.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-1.jpeg)

## The crashes

1. May 22, 2006: James Cox, 17, died in a head-on crash when he tried to pass a car in a no-passing zone.
2. Nov. 9, 2006: Motorcyclist Jason Streich, 22, died as he tried to pass and struck a car that was turning into a drive.
3. Dec. 19, 2006: Sherry Fields, 54, died in a chain-reaction crash caused by someone following too closely.
4. Jan. 13, 2007: Amanda Sacco, 26, died when she drove left of center. State troopers say she had been drinking.
Source: Marysville post of the State Highway Patrol
THE COLUMBUS DISPATCH
vehicles, and they've posted billboard-size flashing signs warning drivers that they're in a problem area.

Until at least April 3, state troopers and Union County deputy sheriffs will almost constantly patrol the area in air and on the ground.
"We've got to do something because, clearly, we're not making much of a difference so far," said Sheriff Rocky Nelson.

Highways across Ohio have problem spots, areas where
law-enforcement authorities focus their efforts. But those are generally interstates in metro areas, officials say. Less than 10 times a year does a rural highway crop up as an emerging problem, said Michael Brining of the Ohio Department of Public Safety. Lt. Jeff Frisch of the Union County sheriff's office first realized that Rt. 4 was becoming dangerous.

Nelson said Frisch suggest-
See CRACKDOWN Page D2

# CRACKDOWN 

FROM PAGE D1
ed that grant money be used to beef up patrols, and Frisch persuaded Nelson to reallocate some of his budget to pay for overtime.

Nelson's office then began working with the highway patrol and the Marion County sheriff's office, which also will step up patrols on its section of Rt. 4.

Officials say they're done with friendly warnings. It's time for tickets.
"When we're out there, we always see people speeding, following too closely, just making bad decisions," said patrol Sgt. Jon Payer. "We want them to know if you make a bad decision, you could die."

He said the uptick in fatalities last year made that clear. Rt. 4 accounted for half of Union County's traffic fatalities.

The first crash came in May, when a 17-year-old died after
![img-2.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-2.jpeg)

Signs let motorists know they are entering a "target enforcement area" on Rt. 4 north of Marysville.
trying to pass in a no-passing zone.

Fatal crashes in November and December also were caused by passing on a dou-ble-yellow line and following too closely.

The woman killed in a mid-
dle-of-the-night crash in January was driving drunk, the patrol said.
"It's not as if this is happening because of fog, ice or anything else," Payer said. "It's someone's error."
hzachariah@dispatch.com

# THE RICHMOND AVERAGE

**Wednesday, March 7, 2007**

## Multi-agency enforcement effort begins on Route 4

**Submitted by:**

**Un. Co/Sheriff's Dept.**

A joint enforcement effort was made on Monday, March 5 and will continue through the end of March.

The Union County Sheriff's Office (UCS) will be the first to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.

**Ohio State Highway Patrol**

The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Governors' Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marron and Marion.



![img-3.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-3.jpeg)

*An Independent newspaper serving Ohio since July 1, 1871*

# The Columbus Dispatch

John F. Wolfe, Chairman, Publisher and CEO
Michael F. Curtin, Vice Chairman and Associate Publisher
Michael J. Fiorile, President
Benjamin J. Marrison, Editor
Glenn Sheller, Editorial Page Editor

## Dangerous Rt. 4 needs motorists' attention

I applaud the law-enforcement agencies that are attempting to make Rt. 4 between Marysville and Marion safer ("Deaths on Rt. 4 lead to crackdown on speeders," *Dispatch* article, March 2).

I live on that road midway between the two cities. There are many accidents on that stretch of highway because people are too impatient to consider the dangers inherent in the numerous driveways and crossroads that intersect it.

Not long ago, a young man lost his life in front of my house in an accident that did not have to happen. If you would like to see one family at the foot in an accident, I would like to see a new, more efficient, and more efficient way of living. I would like to see a new, more efficient way of living.

I would like to see a new, more efficient way of living, and a more efficient way of living. I would like to see a new, more efficient way of living, and a more efficient way of living.

I would like to see a new, more efficient way of living, and a more efficient way of living.

# Marysville Journal-Tribune

*If it's for the good of Marysville and Union County ... We're for it!*

**WEDNESDAY, APRIL 25, 2007**

## 'Positive results' seen in Route 4 focus

**By RYAN HORNS**

After state officials named Union County's Route 4 the most dangerous road in Ohio, local law enforcement has been trying to rectify the situation.

Agencies from Union and Marion counties announced Tuesday that the multi-agency task force assigned to the Route 4 safety project has yielded "very positive results" in its 30-day enforcement period. But while the extra enforcement period has ended, the attention is expected to continue to keep the roadway safe.

Union County Sheriff's Office Public Information Officer Chris Skinner said the project was aimed at lowering speeds, increasing seat belt usage, and creating safer following distances along the Route 4 corridor between Marysville and Marion.

Skinner said the governor's Office of Highway Safety provided funding to the task force, which was made up of the Marion County Sheriff's Office. The task force also utilized the services of the Ohio Department of Transportation in posting additional signs and automated message boards used to educate the motorists of the dangers of the roadway and to alert them of the task force's presence.

Skinner said the hope was not to just start writing traffic tickets, instead opting to let drivers know of the problem.

A press release stated that the road averages nine crashes a month and has produced four fatal crashes in the past 12 months. Excessive speeding, drivers following too close and improper passing often cause the crashes on this particular stretch of roadway. In addition to targeting these offenses, the agencies also looked to increase (Please see Route 4 on page 3).

## Route 4

(Continued from page 1)

The rate of seat belt usage to lower the rate and severity of injuries stemming from any crashes. In the 30-day enforcement period the agencies initiated 558 traffic stops. In these stops 352 citations were issued with 215 of those for speed, 19 for following too close, and 76 for not wearing a seat belt.

"Simply writing tickets was never the goal of the enforcement period," Union County Sheriff Rocky Nelson said. "Our intention was to make the roadway safer and I think the numbers speak for themselves."

Nelson is referring to the crash data for the month of enforcement. There were five crashes on the road over the past month of extra focus, which is a decrease of more than 40 percent of the normal monthly average. The speed of drivers went from an average 60.6 to 57 miles per hour and the seat belt usage rate went from 78 to 87 percent.

"We are very encouraged by these numbers, but mostly because there were injury crashes and no fatalities during the month," he said. "That was the number we were most interested in."

Nelson said that even though the primary enforcement period is over, the attention to Route 4 will not end.

"The signs are down, but our efforts to improve the safety of citizens traveling on State Route 4 will continue," he said. "We are pleased with the initial results of the campaign, but for all of the agencies involved, it is just a strong beginning ... not the end."

Page 1 of 2

Rocky Nelson

From: Dan.Wise@dot.state.oh.us
Sent: Monday, February 26, 2007 7:45 AM
To: michael brining
Cc: Art Combest; Brian W. Landis; Dave Church; D.J. Barron; Donnie Eubanks; Jim Everitt; Jeff Frisch; Michael S. Brining; Richard Zwayer; Rocky Nelson; Michael Hasson
Subject: Re: Updates

Mike,
The pavement markings for the air speed zones in Union and Marion were completed on 2-22-07. Still waiting to hear the status of the signs. Will keep you posted.
We might want to come up with plan B for the photo just in case the signs don't get produced in time. Let me know what you think.
Thanks
Dan Wise, P.E.
Union County Manager
Marysville (937) 642-1986
Richwood (740) 943-2379
Cell (740) 816-4041

"michael brining" <mbrining@columbus.rr.com>
02/22/2007 10:15 PM
To "Rocky Nelson" <melson@co.union.oh.us>, "Michael S. Brining"
<mbrining@columbus.rr.com>, "Jim Everitt" <jeverett1@woh.rr.com>, "Jeff
Frisch" <jfrisch@co.union.oh.us>, "Donnie Eubanks"
<DEubanks@co.union.oh.us>, "Dave Church" <dachurch@dps.state.oh.us>,
"Dan Wise" <Dan.wise@dot.state.oh.us>, "D.J. Barron"
<dbarron@co.marion.oh.us>, "Art Combest" <acombest@dps.state.oh.us>,
"Richard Zwayer" <RLZwayer@dps.state.oh.us>, "Brian W. Landis"
<blandis@dps.state.oh.us>
Subject Updates

I have included a few updates in this report (attached)

Pending is:

A location and time for the press event
Hours of operation for Marion Co SO.

Mike
Michael S. Brining - Law Enforcement Liaison
Central and Southeastern Ohio Regions

Ohio Department of Public Safety
Governor's Highway Safety Office
614.946.2878

10/12/2007

e-mail mbrining@columbus.rr.com
on the web at www.highwaysafetyoffice.ohio.gov
[attachment "State Route 4 report.doc" deleted by Dan Wise/UnionCounty/D06/ODOT]

Page 1 of 1

Rocky Nelson

From: michael brining [mbrining@columbus.rr.com]

Sent: Thursday, March 01, 2007 6:47 AM

To: Rocky Nelson; Michael S. Brining; Jim Everitt; Jeff Frisch; Donnie Eubanks; Dave Church; Dan Wise; D.J. Barron; Art Combest; Richard Zwayer; Brian W. Landis

Cc: Robert Painter; Felice Moretti

Subject: Updates

Greetings:

Nothing new to report on the project, things seem to be going as planned. I sent out some press information to small town papers in the region about the project.

In the releases I listed contact information for either Sgt. Hasson or the respective officials at each Sheriff's Office and ODOT. You may receive a few calls from the small town papers and local radio stations. I blanketed an area in a 70 mile radius of Marysville, because many Honda employees travel between 30-100 miles (one-way) to get to work.

Holly from the Dispatch has been contacting some of you to collect information for an article in the metro section of this weekends' Dispatch.

This morning WCMH did a good segment on the project (see link below). I am going to try to get a copy of the actual story. OSHP/HQ issued some information also but news stations are reporting this as a Highway Patrol project with assistance from the Sheriffs. I am working on getting that corrected. This is a collaborative project with partners who have an equal stake in the reduction of crashes.

WCMH link

If you have any questions or problems please feel free to contact me.

Mike

Michael S. Brining - Law Enforcement Liaison

Central and Southeastern Ohio Regions

Ohio Department of Public Safety

Governor's Highway Safety Office

614.946.2878

e-mail mbrining@columbus.rr.com

on the web at www.highwaysafetyoffice.ohio.gov

10/12/2007

# Rocky Nelson 

From: Jeff Frisch
Sent: Friday, March 02, 2007 4:07 PM
To: Joel Thorpe; Chris Catalogna; Eric Rose; Trevor Kalinowski; Aaron Mckinnon; Adam Haycox; Bob Partlow; Bob Roberts; Brad Phipps; Chad Cooper; Chad Lee; Chris Skinner; Dale Mabry; Darrell Breneman; Donnie Eubanks; Heather Morgan; Jack Heino; James Erben; Jason Asher; Jeff Frisch; Jeremy Sexton; Jim Inskeep; Joab Scott; Josh Campbell; Kelly Nawman; Kim Zacharias; Lonnie Elmore; Lyle Herman; Mark Ewing; Matt Henry; Matt Hilbert; Matt Piccolantonio; Matt Warden; Mike Burton; Mike Murray; Nathan Sachs; Pete Lenhardt; Randy Barker; Rich Crabtree; Rick Colliver; Rod Rice; Rod Wilson; Scott Anspach; Scott Wagner; Shawn Golden; Shawn Waller; TC Underwood; Todd German; Tom Bidlack; Tom Morgan; Eric Yoakam; Jamie Patton; Jeff Stiers; Jon Kleiber; Kevin Weller; Lisa Mead-O'Connor; Mike Justice
Cc: Anne Barr; Sonya Shuler; Cindy McCreary; Rocky Nelson
Subject: SR4 kick-off task force
This Monday morning (3/5) at 1000 is a press conference that will kick-off the SR4 multi-jurisdictional task force. This task force was formed to crack down heavily on the traffic violators on SR4. Primary focus will be speed, FTC, passing violations, seat belt and obviously impaired drivers. Our goal is to reduce the average speed on this route along with the aggressive driving violations that lead to the many accidents we have been having. The target area is SR4 from Marysville to Marion and the enforcement agencies involved are the OSP from Marion and Marysville, and both County Sheriff's Offices.

If there are any questions about the expectations of this task force, hopefully this e-mail will clear them up. 65 mph and over is an unacceptable speed on this route for passenger vehicles. Less for commercials. It is important to get the message out to the motoring public that if they are driving 65 mph they will be stopped. If you are working the over-time enforcement you are expected to work these violations, as well as the others listed above. The Sheriff was adamant that we make an impact on this route during this enforcement period.

Sgt. Eubanks will have activity sheets for you to fill out if you are working the over-time. If your working your regular shift, it is possible that the supervisor might assign you to the area for extra enforcement the manpower will allow it.

This task force will be run heavily for the next thirty days (through April $5^{\text {th }}$ ) but will be continued through our grant year (Through Sept $30^{\text {th }}$ ).

Please take an active role and interest in this task force and help out whenever you can. ALL activity on SR4 will be noted in Sgt Eubank's report.

Supervisor's: Your assistance is requested. Special attention "A" shift and the OVI units for the impaired drivers.

If you have any questions, please get with me or your supervisor....
Thanks And PLEASE BE CAREFUL ON YOUR TRAFFIC STOPS ON THIS ROUTE! WATCH YOUR BACK!
Lt.
This message is confidential and/or privileged communication intended only for the addressee(s). If you have received this communication and any attachments in error, you are strictly prohibited from discussing, disseminating, distributing, forwarding, copying or any other unauthorized use or action based on the content of this message. If you are not the intended recelpient, please notify the sender immediately and delete this communication.

# Ohio State Highway Patrol 

Media Advisory
Marysville Post ・ Marysville, Ohio

For Immediate Release: March 4, 2007
Contact: Lt. Dave Church (740) 383-2181
Sgt. Jon Payer (937) 644-8811
Sheriff Rocky Nelson (937) 645-4100
Sheriff Tim Bailey (740) 382-8244
Dan Wise-ODOT (937) 642-1986

## State and County agencies will partner for safety on State Route 4

What: Multi-agency Enforcement on State Route 4
When: Monday March 5, 10:00 a.m. - 10:30 a.m.
Where: Union County Agricultural Center
18000 State Route 4
Marysville, Ohio.
Who: Ohio State Highway Patrol Commanders, Union County and Marion County Sheriff's, Ohio Department of Transportation, Governor's Highway Safety Office.

Agencies will discuss their plans to enhance safety through enforcement on State Route 4 between Marysville and Marion.
\# \# \#

07-State Route 4 Enf Advisory

# Ohio State Highway Patrol

Media Release

Marysville Post • Marysville, Ohio

![img-4.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-4.jpeg)

For Immediate Release: March 5, 2007
Contact: Lt. Dave Church (740) 383-2181
Sgt. Jon Payer (937) 644-8811
Sheriff Rocky Nelson (937) 645-4100
Sheriff Tim Bailey (740) 382-8244
Dan Wise-ODOT (937) 642-1986

## Multi-agency enforcement effort to begin on State Route 4

Marysville – A joint enforcement effort on State Route 4 will begin today. The Union County Sheriff's Office, Marion County Sheriff's Office, The Ohio State Highway Patrol, The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT), and the Governor's Highway Safety Office (GHSO) will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marysville and Marion.

Troopers and deputies will work federally funded overtime to increase their presence and target enforcement toward crash causing traffic violations. The target enforcement zone has been identified using previous crash statistical data. The multi-county effort will place extra officers in key areas during peak crash times to help prevent injuries and fatalities. Officers will focus their efforts to reduce crashes by strictly enforcing impaired driving, failure to yield, improper passing, unsafe speed, following too close, and safety belt violations.

The Patrol's Marysville and Marion Posts, ODOT, along with the Union County and Marion County Sheriff's Offices intend to enhance the safety for those motorists traveling through both counties. The Patrol's aviation section will be utilized in conjunction with troopers and deputies during this focused enforcement effort.

State Route 4 in Union County recorded 54 injury, and 4 fatal crashes between 2002 and 2007. For more information on crash statistics and geo-mapping, please visit the Patrol's website at: www.statepatol.ohio.gov.

Troopers and deputies are reminding motorists to buckle up and place children in required child safety seats before traveling.

07-State Route 4 Enf Co 80-51

www.statepatrol.ohio.gov

A division of the Ohio Department of Public Safety

Page 1 of 2

Rocky Nelson

From: Rocky Nelson

Sent: Tuesday, March 06, 2007 10:21 AM

To: 'ryork2@columbus.rr.com'

Cc: Sheriff Group

Subject: St. Rt. 4 Enforcement Project

Thank you for your message. We have been working St.Rt. 4 considerably more than any other road in the county; but we didn't seem to make a difference - or one we could identify. We decided to contact the State Highway Patrol and also partner with Marion County, ODOT, and the Governor's Highway Safety Office to try to make an impact.

As you saw on the news, we will evaluate our progress in 30 days; but rest assured we will continue to target Rt. 4.

I will forward your e-mail to all the employees at the sheriff's office to show people are appreciative for our efforts and to let them know you are allowing us to use your driveway.

Thank you very much for taking the time to let us know.

Rocky

Sheriff - Union County

York Marketing Communications [mailto:ryork2@columbus.rr.com]

Sent: Monday, March 05, 2007 5:26 PM

To: UCSO

Subject: Traffic Enforcement Stepup on Ohio Rt #4

Dear Sheriff Nelson

Just saw the TV news where there will be an increase in traffic enforcement along Route #4 between Marysville and Marion.

Hooray!

I live on Route #4 the second drive north of Hilliview Road on the west side of the road. (next to Dave Applegate's old house).

You have my permission to have your officers park in my driveway. If they do, they will only have to sit of a few minutes before they will see a vehicle coming over the hill northbound or up the hill southbound and passing on the double yellow line. I can't tell you how many times I've turned left into my driveway to find someone trying to pass me.

Thanx and keep up the good work.

10/12/2007

Page 2 of 2

York Marketing Communications, LLC

19767 State Route #4, Marysville, Ohio 43040

937-243-4600 or 937-644-8808

ryork2@columbus.rr.com

Advertising/Collateral/Public Relations/Copywriting/Tradeshows

Confidentiality Notice: This e-mail message or facsimile, from York Marketing Communications, LLC, Marysville, Ohio, USA including any attachments, is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential, proprietary and/or privileged information. The recipient is responsible to maintain the confidentiality of this information and to use the information only for authorized purposes pursuant to York Marketing Communications, LLC confidentiality policies. If you are not the intended recipient (or authorized to receive information for the intended recipient), you are hereby notified that any review, use, disclosure, distribution, copying, printing, or action taken in reliance on the contents of this e-mail or facsimile is strictly prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please notify us immediately by reply e-mail or telephone and destroy all copies of the original message.

10/12/2007

Page 1 of 1

Rocky Nelson

From: michael brining [mbrining@columbus.rr.com]

Sent: Tuesday, March 20, 2007 3:36 AM

To: Rocky Nelson

Subject: Re: Message from 6149462878

Sheriff:

I will provide whatever support documentation you need and would be pleased to verbally share the origins and successes of this campaign with anyone you need me to speak with.

It has been my goal for over a year to convince our bosses to place less emphasis on handing out grants for the sake of a shotgun approach, but moreover take actual data and allow for mini-grants or supplemental funding to address corridor projects. That's not to say I don't believe in continuing the big grants for agencies that actually do the work. I just want to demonstrate that we spend all this time collecting data and we never really "follow the numbers". In the SR#4 project Jeff had a gut instinct of a problem, looked at the numbers and verified his suspicions, and caused a plan to address the problem.

I am attending a Tri-State meeting in Huntington/Ironton Thursday morning and I plan to use Jeff's project as a model to convince OSHP Commanders, and Sheriffs in Scioto, Meigs, Gallia, Lawrence, and Washington Counties, to develop a similar plan for SR#7 along the Ohio River.

Back in February I gave Sgt. Eubanks the application package for the OACP Traffic Challenge which is similar to the National Sheriff's project. I encouraged UCSO to file an application because I genuinely think your work deserves national recognition and the top winners in that campaign receive a new Ford Explorer which is a nice added benefit. I hope Don and Jeff gave consideration to entering that program.

See You Thursday Night!

Michael S. Brining - Law Enforcement Liaison

Central and Southeastern Ohio Regions

Ohio Department of Public Safety

Governor's Highway Safety Office

614.946.2878

e-mail mbrining@columbus.rr.com

on the web at www.highwaysafetyoffice.ohio.gov

10/12/2007

Page 1 of 1

Rocky Nelson

From: michael brining [mbrining@columbus.rr.com]

Sent: Tuesday, April 10, 2007 10:08 PM

To: Rocky Nelson; Michael S. Brining; Jim Everitt; Jeff Frisch; Donnie Eubanks; Dave Church; Dan Wise; D.J. Barron; Art Combest; Richard Zwayer; Brian W. Landis

Subject: Info

Attachments: April 6 Recap.xls; Route #4 week five only.xls

Last week WCMH-TV wanted info on the results of our project. Borrowing video from OSHP and an interview from Lt. Frisch, they put together a pretty good piece on the project. I assembled the data I had and the reporter presented a good overview of the project.

I am enclosing a small attachment from the data collected which was supplied to the media.

I am also attaching a reporting form for the final week of the event for you to complete. Once I have the final week data and all the data from all five weeks from Post 80 I will complete a report of your efforts.

I propose we meet on April 16th either at Post 80 or UCSO and conduct a post event discussion and share our findings with the media.

I need your thoughts on the matter and I need your final reports.

Michael S. Brining - Law Enforcement Liaison

Central and Southeastern Ohio Regions

Ohio Department of Public Safety

Governor's Highway Safety Office

614.946.2878

e-mail mbrining@columbus.rr.com

on the web at www.highwaysafetyoffice.ohio.gov

10/12/2007

# Rocky Nelson

**From:** michael brining [mbrining@columbus.rr.com]

**Sent:** Thursday, April 12, 2007 7:45 PM

**To:** Rocky Nelson; Michael S. Brining; Jim Everitt; Jeff Frisch; Donnie Eubanks; Dave Church; Dan Wise; D.J. Barron; Art Combest; Richard Zwayer; Brian W. Landis

**Subject:** Project Meeting

Hello:

We will have a post-project meeting on Monday, April 16, 2007, at 15:00 hrs at the Union County Sheriff's Office 221 West Fifth Street in Marysville.

Please RSVP your attendance via e-mail by Friday at 17:00 hrs. At the meeting we will discuss the project, examine the progress, and possibly answer questions from local print media.

Michael S. Brining - Law Enforcement Liaison

Central and Southeastern Ohio Regions

Ohio Department of Public Safety

Governor's Highway Safety Office

614.946.2878

e-mail mbrining@columbus.rr.com

on the web at www.highwaysafetyoffice.ohio.gov

---

10/12/2007

# GHSO

**TO:** State Route #4 Participating Agencies

**FROM:** Michael S. Brining

**DATE:** Final Report May 1, 2007 Original - February 4, 2007

**TOPIC:** Task Lists - Follow-Up

## State Route #4 Enforcement Evaluation Project

The following is a review of a project being undertaken by various law enforcement agencies in Union and Marion Counties in an effort to address a possible increase in traffic crashes on State Route #4.

This is an overview of the steps undertaken thus far.

Data reviewed and a meeting recommended between principle partners to determine if there was a need to address accident rates on State Route #4.

A meeting between OSHP, GHSO, ODOT, and the Marion, and Union, County Sheriff's Departments was conducted on January 26, 2007. Data was evaluated and all principles agreed that a project needed to be undertaken. General ideas involved a high degree of public education and media advisement before any enforcement begins.

**Media** - All agencies to participate jointly and the media in Columbus and Dayton may need to be utilized as well as local outlets.

**Signage** - Post Commanders Zwayer and Church to work with Mr. Wise of O.D.O.T. on signage, lighted boards, and aviation unit enforcement measures.

**Funding** - Mr. Brining, and Mr. Everett, are to examine funding for scope beyond normal budget issues.

**Engineering** - All participants to begin submitting suggestions to Mr. Wise for possible qualification of "Safety Conscious Planning Funding" through O.D.O.T.

![img-5.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-5.jpeg)

As of February 6, 2007 the following items have been addressed: Media - Pending for the time being until plans and signage are established. The media coverage is to be coordinated by Sheriffs Nelson and Bailey, and Lieutenant Zwayer for OSHP.

Signage - Mr. Dan Wise reports back that OSHP Aviation and/or OSHP Post Commanders must formally request Air Speed Zones. The issue was re-directed to Lt. Zwayer. Mr. Wise is taking steps to borrow flashing message boards, speed measurement display trailers and working toward developing and installing two (2) target enforcement signs.

Funding - Mr. Brining requested a review of the project from GHSO toward the possibility of gaining additional funding for the grantees. The request was denied, but permission was granted for Union and Marion County Sheriff's Offices to modify their "blitz activity" and reduce blitz time and re-direct this time to the State Route #4 project. The representatives of both agencies have been asked to research this option and report back.

Mr. Brining met with Captain Dickey of OSHP Operations to inquire about STEP funding for Posts 51 and 80. Captain Dickey agreed to examine the numbers and wants the respective OSHP staff to make a request once plans are in place for enforcement.

Engineering - No suggestions have been relayed yet. The following table contains crash data received from the four law enforcement sources for crashes taking place from January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2006.

|  Agency | PDOs | Injury | Fatal | Total  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  Union County SO | 37 | 4 | 0 | 41  |
|  Marion County SO | 8 | 0 | 0 | 8  |
|  OSHP #80 Union County | 27 | 9 | 2 | 38  |
|  OSHP #51 Marion County | 41 | 16 | 0 | 57  |
|  Totals | 113 | 29 | 2 | 144  |

OSHP Post #80 handled a fatal crash on January 13, 2007, which should be factored into our efforts.

Mr. Robert Painter and Mr. Everitt have assembled the following data from ODPS records. I have a breakdown of PDOs, injuries and fatals for the area, but some additional work needs done before I can include that information in this report.

State Route #4 Union County

|  Year | PDO | Injuries | Fatal | Total  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  2005 |  |  |  | 77  |
|  2004 |  |  |  | 69  |
|  2003 |  |  |  | 77  |
|  2002 |  |  |  | 87  |
|   |  |  |  | 310  |

State Route #4 Marion County

|  Year | PDO | Injuries | Fatal | Total  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  2005 |  |  |  | 92  |
|  2004 |  |  |  | 85  |
|  2003 |  |  |  | 100  |
|  2002 |  |  |  | 103  |
|   | - |  |  | 380  |

As of February 12, 2007 the following items have been addressed:

Mr. Brining called a meeting of the interested principles for Friday, February 9, 2007, at 2:00 p.m. held at OSHP Post #80. Below is a list of updates for the project stemming from the meeting.

**Media** - Before his departure for training, Lieutenant Zwayer, composed some press information and instructions to his staff that outlined when to issue statements and when to conduct a media event. It was decided that the group would conduct a media informational session on Monday, March 5, 2007, which is the date enforcement will commence.

The date was agreed upon with the members present and OSHP Sergeant Hasson, will be initiating some of the contacts with the media. Mr. Brining and Mr. Everitt will not be in attendance for the kickoff because of training in Wisconsin. No one from GHSO will participate in the event. A possible staging location for the media event was discussed and is yet to be determined. Members have to decide if they want to conduct the event "along the side of the road" where enforcement will take place, or at other suggested locations.

**Enforcement** - The Ohio State Highway Patrol reports that they will commence their enforcement beginning March 5, 2007, and that locations for the "air speed" zones have been selected. The air zones are the 18.7-mile marker to the 19.7 marker and the 24.5 to 25.5 markers along State Route #4. Lieutenant Frisch and the Union County Staff agreed to the locations and they will also begin enforcement at that time. No one was present at the meeting from the Marion County Sheriff's Office to disclose that department's plans.

The Ohio State Highway Patrol plans to work the project for a period of 30-days and then conclude enforcement on April 4, 2007, in order to evaluate the project. The members discussed that the two Sheriff's Offices should also chart their activity with respect to OH-1s taken and enforcement activity from January 1, 2007, through the end of the project. Sergeant Hasson offered to share the forms that OSHP uses with UCSO and MCSO, or they can create their own database so they can chart agency activity. It is likely that the media as well as GHSO and OSHP HQ will have an interest in the outcome of the project.

**Signage** - Mr. Dan Wise with ODOT reports that two flashing message boards are available and will be positioned the week of February 12th for a period of 30-days. The group agreed upon a message that relates upcoming enforcement and safety warnings. Mr. Wise will report back on the date of the deployment of the signs so that the member agencies can be prepared to filed media questions and inquiries from the public.

Mr. Wise has made arrangements for ODOT to remove the previous "air speed" zone that was established a few years ago and to have ODOT staff survey and mark the newly selected areas. This process should also begin in a week, depending upon weather and ODOT workloads. Trooper Bess from the OSHP Aviation section was present and he agreed to the areas we have selected as target zones. Trooper Bess shared that even if OSHP is not working the zones on a particular day/date, that Union County Sheriff's Office could call OSHP and arrange for an aircraft to be assigned to work with Sheriff Nelson's staff. The members of the group agreed at an earlier meeting that OSHP and the two involved Sheriff's Offices would share their schedules of enforcement so as not to duplicate efforts. While there are times such as; March 5th that double coverage may be afforded, the idea is not to exploit our resources.

The group had suggested agency specific "Target Enforcement" area signs at an earlier meeting. Mr. Wise reports that ODOT has elected to create six (6) standard enforcement signs for the time being. The signs will be green and white and measure 48" x 30" and placed at locations selected by ODOT staff in conformance with the Uniform Manual of Traffic Signs.

**Funding** - Mr. Brining reports that GHSO refused any additional funding for the project at this time. Ms. Idella Feeley, from Union County Sheriff's Office was planning to make a formal written request in the near future. Lieutenant Frisch indicates that for the current enforcement period his agency will use "Click It Or Ticket" time frames to bolster enforcement hours.

**Engineering** - No suggestions have been relayed yet. Agencies that have engineering suggestions were asked to forward their ideas to Mr. Wise or Mr. Brining.

As of February 23, 2007 the following items have been addressed:

Mr. Brining forwarded correspondence to O.D.O.T. Central Office thanking the agency for their support of the project. No meeting was set for this period and the principle agencies communicated via e-mail.

Media - No changes, target date is still March 5, 2007. Location is to be determined by OSHP and other principle agencies.

Enforcement - Union County Sheriff's Office has submitted their work proposal and copies of it have been sent to the Governor's Highway Safety Office for inclusion in the grant package. Copies of their plans have been added to this document. No report of proposed activity has been received from the Marion County Sheriff's Office as of this writing.

Signage - Mr. Dan Wise with ODOT reports that two flashing message boards are in place at the predetermined locations as specified along State Route #4. Law Enforcement should expect inquiries from the public and the media.

![img-6.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-6.jpeg)

The Marion County speed zone locations were selected and surveyed this week. The Union County speed zone markings are ready for installation on February 23, 2007, and UCSO will work traffic to assist ODOT with installation.

Funding - The two Sheriff's Offices are working within their grant to re-adjust enforcement hours. There has been no official word yet from GHSO on supplemental funds. Both agencies have been advised to chart accident and violation data for each month of the year in an effort to determine if the enforcement is working.

Engineering - No suggestions have been relayed yet. Agencies that have engineering suggestions were asked to forward their ideas to Mr. Wise or Mr. Brining.

Media - Numerous media releases were issued before the project began on March 5, 2007. The Ohio State Highway Patrol, Union County Sheriff's Office, and G.H.S.O. all played a part in sharing some good information with the media. The actual media kickoff took place on March 5, 2007, at a Union County facility.

Re-printed from the Columbus Dispatch

# UNION COUNTY 

## Deaths on Rt. 4 lead to crackdown on speeders

Friday, March 02, 2007

## Holly Zachariah

## THE COLUMBUS DISPATCH

MARYSVILLE, Ohio - Three months' time. Three people dead. One short stretch of rural highway.

That was enough to get people's attention.

Local government, the State Highway Patrol and the sheriff all set their sights on an 11mile stretch of Rt. 4 from Marysville north to the Union-Delaware county line in an attempt to end a rash of fatal traffic crashes.

On a highway that saw one fatality in 2004 and one in 2005, three people died last year.
![img-7.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-7.jpeg)

Signs let motorists know they are entering a "target enforcement area" on Rt. 4 north of Marysville.

And one person has died already in 2007.

So beginning Monday, authorities will go after speeders and aggressive drivers.

They have slapped down pavement markings to help aircraft judge the speed of vehicles, and they've posted billboard-size flashing signs warning drivers that they're in a problem area.

Until at least April 3, state troopers and Union County deputy sheriffs will almost constantly patrol the area in air and on the ground.

"We've got to do something because, clearly, we're not making much of a difference so far," said Sheriff Rocky Nelson.

Highways across Ohio have problem spots, areas where law-enforcement authorities focus their efforts. But those are generally interstates in metro areas, officials say. Less than 10 times a year does a rural highway crop up as an emerging problem, said Michael Brining of the Ohio Department of Public Safety.

Lt. Jeff Frisch of the Union County sheriff's office first realized that Rt. 4 was becoming dangerous.

Nelson said Frisch suggest- ed that grant money be used to beef up patrols, and Frisch persuaded Nelson to reallocate some of his budget to pay for overtime.

Nelson's office then began working with the highway patrol and the Marion County sheriff's office, which also will step up patrols on its section of Rt. 4.

Officials say they're done with friendly warnings. It's time for tickets.
"When we're out there, we always see people speeding, following too closely, just making bad decisions," said patrol Sgt. Jon Payer. "We want them to know if you make a bad decision, you could die."

He said the uptick in fatalities last year made that clear. Rt. 4 accounted for half of Union County's traffic fatalities.

The first crash came in May, when a 17-year-old died after trying to pass in a nopassing zone.

Fatal crashes in November and December also were caused by passing on a double-yellow line and following too closely.

The woman killed in a middle-of-the-night crash in January was driving drunk, the patrol said.
"It's not as if this is happening because of fog, ice or anything else," Payer said. "It's someone's error."
hzachariah@dispatch.com
Friday, March 02, 2007

![img-8.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-8.jpeg)

# The crashes 

1. May 22, 2006: James Cox, 17, died in a head-on crash when he tried to pass a car in a no-passing zone.
2. Nov. 9, 2006: Motorcyclist Jason Streich, 22, died as he tried to pass and struck a car that was turning into a drive.
3. Dec. 19, 2006: Sherry Fields, 54, died in a chain-reaction crash caused by someone following too closely.
4. Jan. 13, 2007: Amanda Sacco, 26, died when she drove left of center. State troopers say she had been drinking.
Source: Marysville post of the State Highway Patrol
THE COLUMBUS DISPATCH

Enforcement - All four of the agencies began some form of enforcement on March 5, 2007. It was agreed that Mr. Brining would be the clearinghouse for a final report on 30-day activity. Agencies can forward their data to Mr. Brining at the conclusion of the project. Mr. Brining will produce a spreadsheet for distribution to the principle agencies involved and the media if necessary.

On March 20, 2007, Union County Sheriff's officials report a total of 158 traffic stops, 4 crashes handled, 68 speeding citations issued, 3 citations for following too close, 3 passing violations, 13 seat belt citations, 2 DUS, 3 stop sign cites, 3 miscellaneous violations, and 79 "friendly warnings. These are positive results with the efforts thus far, although they have noted that Sheriff Nelson's observations of a high incidence of "following too close" issues are a reality.

Marion County Sheriff's Office reports there have been no traffic crash reports taken on State Route #4 since March 5, 2007. Their staff has issued 31 speeding citations and 4 cites for license violations.

OSHP Post Commander - Lieutenant David Church, of the Marion Post reports that in the first 10 days of the project Troopers issued 39 citations, 10 of which were seat belt citations. Troopers working the project report the highest recorded speed thus far was 103 mph.

OSHP Acting Post Commander - Sgt. Hasson reports that as of this writing they have committed about 24 - hours of overtime to the project.

Signage - Mr. Dan Wise with ODOT reports that two flashing message boards are still available and will remain along the route for the immediate future. Once the construction season begins, or if ODOT District #6 needs this equipment elsewhere it may be moved with little prior notice.

Mr. Wise agreed to change the message on the signs to include something about following too close aspects. Mr. Wise had four Green and White metal "Target Enforcement" signs erected along the route. The signs have been installed near the air speed zones, so enforcement officers may want to make not of those warnings in the narrative of any citations they write.

Funding - Mr. Brining reports that GHSO refused any additional funding for the project at this time. Ms. Idella Feeley, from Union County Sheriff's Office and Mr. Brining met on March 14, 2007, and Ms. Feeley is going to compose a written formal written request for additional funding from G.H.S.O.

Engineering - No suggestions have been relayed as of this writing. Agencies that have engineering suggestions are asked to forward their ideas to Mr. Wise or Mr. Brining.

# Sample Press Release Proposal 

## Multi-agency enforcement effort to begin on State Route 4

MARYSVILLE - The Ohio State Highway Patrol along with the Union County Sheriff's Office, Marion County Sheriff's Office, The Ohio Department of Transportation, and the Governor's Highway Safety Office will partner to increase officer presence on State Route 4 between Marysville and Marion.

Beginning today, troopers and deputies will work federally funded overtime to increase their presence and target enforcement toward crash causing traffic violations. The target enforcement zone has been identified using previous crash statistical data. The multicounty effort will place extra officers in key areas during peak crash times to help prevent injuries and fatalities. Officers will focus their efforts to reduce crashes by strictly enforcing failure to yield, improper passing, unsafe speed, following too close, and safety belt violations.

The Patrol's Marysville and Marion Posts, along with the Union County and Marion County Sheriff's Offices intend to enhance the safety for those motorists traveling through both counties.

The Patrol's aviation section will be utilized in conjunction with troopers and deputies during this focused enforcement effort.

Officers are reminding motorists to buckle up and place children in required child safety seats before traveling.

# Interoffice 

## Memorandum

From: Sgt. Eubanks
Date Posted: 02-21-07
Subject: SR 4 Traffic Enforcement Project
Target: SR4 North between Marysville \& Marion Co. Line
Focus: Units working this detail need to enforce speed violations, seat belts, assured clear distance ahead, passing violations, and any other traffic violations during this period. We need to do our best job we can in order to make this stretch of road safer for the motoring public. With all agencies working aggressively, together we can accomplish our goal. This is an ODPS pay only detail!

Mondays: March $5^{\text {th }}$
March $12^{\text {th }}$
March $19^{\text {th }}$
March $26^{\text {th }}$
April $2^{\text {nd }}$
Tuesdays: March $6^{\text {th }}$
March $13^{\text {th }}$
March $20^{\text {th }}$
March $27^{\text {th }}$
April $3^{\text {rd }}$
Wednesdays: March $7^{\text {th }}$
March $14^{\text {th }}$
March $21^{\text {st }}$
March $28^{\text {th }}$
April $7^{\text {th }}$
Thursdays: March $8^{\text {th }}$
March $15^{\text {th }}$
March $22^{\text {nd }}$
March $29^{\text {th }}$
April $5^{\text {th }}$
Fridays: March $9^{\text {th }}$
March $16^{\text {th }}$
March $23^{\text {rd }}$
March $30^{\text {th }}$

| 1. | 1500 - 1900 |
| :--: | :--: |
| 2. | 1500 - 1900 |
| 3. | 1500 - 1900 |
| 4. | 1500 - 1900 |
| 5. | 1500 - 1900 |
| 1. | 0700 - 1100 |
| 2. | 1100 - 1500 |
| 3. | 0700 - 1100 |
| 4. | 1100 - 1500 |
| 5. | 1100 - 1500 |
| 1. | 0600 - 1000 |
| 2. | 0700 - 1100 |
| 3. | 0600 - 1000 |
| 4. | 0700 - 1100 |
| 5. | 0600 - 1000 |
| 1. | 0600 - 1000 |
| 2. | 0700 - 1100 |
| 3. | 0600 - 1000 |
| 4. | 0700 - 1100 |
| 5. | 0600 - 1000 |
| 1. | 1400 - 1800 |
| 2. | 1400 - 1800 |
| 3. | 1400 - 1800 |
| 4. | 1400 - 1800 |

# Interoffice Memorandum 

From: Sgt. Eubanks
Date: 02-21-07
Subject: March SR 4 OVI Enforcement

| Friday: | March $9^{\text {th }}$ | 1. | 2200 - 0400 |
| :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: |
| Saturday: | March $10^{\text {th }}$ | 2. | 2200 - 0400 |
| Friday: | March $16^{\text {th }}$ | 1. | 2200 - 0400 |
| Saturday: | March $17^{\text {th }}$ | 2. | 2200 - 0400 |
| Friday: | March $23^{\text {rd }}$ | 1. | 2200 - 0400 |
| Saturday: | March $24^{\text {th }}$ | 2. | 2200 - 0400 |
| Friday: | March $30^{\text {th }}$ | 1. | 2200 - 0400 |
| Saturday: | March $31^{\text {st }}$ | 2. | 2200 - 0400 |

Primary focus: Would be SR 4 North for OVI's, underage consumptions and any other moving violations. ADAP certification is required. This is a Pay only detail, out of the OVI Fund.

As of May 1, 2007, the following items have been addressed:
Mr. Brining called a meeting of the interested principles, which was held April 16, 2007, at the Union County Sheriff's Office.

Media - On April 6, 2007, Anna Jackson from WCMH-TC Channel 4 worked with M. Brining and Lieutenant Frisch on composing a piece about the final outcome of the project. Not all of the data was available at the time, but Ms. Jackson created a good overview of the project. The representatives from the Union County Sheriff's Office created a sample press release that gave an overview of the project from the dimension of all four agencies involved.
![img-9.jpeg](https://popdatasets.blob.core.windows.net/popdatasetmdimgs/08-48/img-9.jpeg)

Joint Press Release
April 17, 2007 - For immediate Release
Task Force calls enforcement effort
"A Strong Beginning."
Law Enforcement Agencies from Union and Marion Counties today announced that the multi-agency task force assigned to the State Route 4 project yielded "very positive results" in its thirty-day enforcement period. The project was aimed at lowering speeds, increasing seatbelt usage, and creating safer following distances along the Route 4 corridor between Marysville and Marion. The Governor's Office of Highway Safety provided funding to the task force, which was made up of the Marion County Sheriff's Office, the Marion and Marysville Posts of the Ohio Highway Patrol, and the Union County Sheriff's Office. The task force also utilized the services of the Ohio Department of Transportation in posting additional signs and automated message boards used to educate the motorists of the dangers of the roadway and to alert them of the task force's presence.

The portion of State Route 4 that has been targeted by the task force is among the deadliest in the state. It averages 9 crashes a month and has produced 4 fatalities in the last 12 months. Excessive speed, following too close, and improper passing often cause the crashes on this particular stretch of roadway. In addition to targeting these offenses, the agencies also looked to increase the rate of seatbelt usage to lower the rate and severity of injuries stemming from any crashes. In the thirty-day enforcement period the involved agencies initiated 558 traffic stops. In these stops 352 citations were issued with 215 of those for speed, 19 for following too close, and 76 for not wearing a seatbelt.
"Simply writing tickets was never the goal of the enforcement period," Sheriff Nelson stated. "Our intention was to make the roadway safer, and I think the numbers speak for themselves." He is referring to the crash data for the month of the enforcement. There were 5 crashes on the road that month which is a decrease of over $40 \%$ of the monthly average. Additionally, the average speed on State Route 4 dropped from 60.6 to 57 miles per hour, and the seat belt usage rate went from $78 \%$ to $87 \%$ "We are very encouraged by these numbers, but mostly because there were no injury crashes and no fatalities during the month. That was the number we were most interested in."

Sheriff Nelson reminds everyone that even though the primary enforcement period is over, attention to State Route 4 will continue. "The signs are down, but our efforts to improve the safety of citizens traveling on State Route 4 will continue. We are pleased with the initial results of the campaign, but for all of the agencies involved, it is just a strong beginning...not the end."

# \# \# 

Contact Person: Sergeant Chris Skinner - (937) 645-4100 ext. 4485
Approved: $\qquad$
Sheriff Rocky Nelson

Enforcement - The below table contains the data garnered from the project.

|  Report From: | March 5 to April 5, 2008. |  |  |  |   |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|   | State Route # 4 Enforcement |  |  |  |   |
|   | Group | OSHP 80 | UCSO | OSHP 51 | MCSO  |
|  Total Stops | 558 | 59 | 295 | 163 | 41  |
|  Friendly Warnings | 278 | 38 | 131 | 120 | 0  |
|  OVI | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0  |
|  Reckless | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  |
|  Speed 20 mph over limit | 28 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 10  |
|  Speed less than 20 over | 187 | 8 | 125 | 31 | 22  |
|  Seat Belts | 76 | 11 | 27 | 38 | 0  |
|  Registration Violations | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0  |
|  License Suspensions | 11 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 4  |
|  Passing Violations | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0  |
|  ACDA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  |
|  Following Too Close | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 0  |
|  Failure to Yield | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0  |
|  Stop Sign | 9 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 0  |
|  Red Light | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  |
|  Failure to Control | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0  |
|  Child Restraint | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0  |
|  Misc. Violations | 12 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 0  |
|  Total Citations Issued | 353 | 22 | 201 | 100 | 36  |
|  Property Damage Crashes | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0  |
|  Injury Crashes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  |
|  Fatal Crashes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0  |
|  Total OH-1s | 5 | 2 |  |  |   |
|  Aviation Unit Time | 10 |  |  |  |   |
|  Enforcement Hours | 236 | 36 | 48 | 88 | 64  |

The table of activity discloses that there were a low number of traffic crashes during the 30-day enforcement period ( 5 total), which is about one-half the number usually experienced along State Route #4. The Union County Deputies examined causative factors and focused enforcement measures on those violations that contributed to many of the accidents in the past year, as reported by the Ohio State Highway Patrol. Violations such as improper passing and following too close drew the attention of the project group and the Union County staff issued most or all of the related citations.

At the meeting, Sheriff Nelson recommended that if we resume this project we should consider some form of violator survey card that a person could complete to provide their impressions of the project and if they felt adequate media notification was provided about the enforcement.

The group discussed that future endeavors may require the need to include the Motorcycle Unit from the Ohio State Highway Patrol. The group was advised that the motorcycle officers are available and can be summoned via the appropriate State Highway Patrol Post in each county.

Both the Ohio State Highway Patrol and the Union County Sheriff's Office agreed that their staff will continue enforcement along the corridor whenever possible. It is the recommendation of both LELs that GHSO attempt to find ways to fund this project in the future as long as data continues to reflect the problems associated. The proximity of Honda of America and the various suppliers to that company that are located in the area require the project members to feel that additional enforcement will be required. The daily and systematic flow of dense traffic at regulated work times will create enforcement issues, accidents, and road rage issues.

It was group consensus that the project be re-examined and allowed to continue if GHSO can assist with funding or if we can find funding from other sources. Post Commanders at both highway patrol posts indicate that there are staffing issues and resource concerns that impede their desire to commit staffing to State Route \#4 above current levels. The Sheriff's Offices in both counties enjoy GHSO sponsored grants although grant restrictions mandate that the remainder of their FFY2007 funding be spent elsewhere.

Signage - The group issued our thanks to Mr. Dan Wise and the members of the ODOT staff for their work on the surveys needed to create the air speed zones and the creation of the "Target Enforcement Signs". The area will be worked throughout the year and into 2008, so the creation of the enforcement signs were an asset to the project.

Funding - Mr. Brining reports that GHSO refused any additional funding for the project at this time. Ms. Idella Feeley, from Union County Sheriff's Office was planning to make a formal written request in the near future.

Engineering - No suggestions have been relayed yet. Agencies that have engineering suggestions were asked to forward their ideas to Mr. Wise or Mr. Brining.

Page 1 of 2

Rocky Nelson

From: Michael S. Brining [mbrining@columbus.rr.com]
Sent: Tuesday, September 04, 2007 12:35 PM
To: Bob Painter
Cc: Felice Moretti; Rocky Nelson
Subject: Fw: SR4 blitz

Here is a communication from Jeff Frish of Union County SO concerning SR#4. I think it is
interesting that he is taking charge of this and not OSHP.

It speaks to his commitment

Michael S. Brining - Law Enforcement Liaison
Central and Southeastern Ohio Regions
Ohio Department of Public Safety
Governor's Highway Safety Office

614.946.2878

e-mail mbrining@columbus.rr.com
on the web at www.highwaysafetyoffice.ohio.gov

[x]

----- Original Message -----
From: Jeff Frisch
To: Richard Zwayer ; dachurch@dps.state.oh.us ; dbarron@co.marion.oh.us ; michael brining ;
Dan.Wise@dot.state.oh.us ; Scott Robinson ; Eric Rose ; Joel Thorpe ; Trevor Kalinowski ; Aaron Mckinnon ;
Adam Haycox ; Bob Partlow ; Bob Roberts ; Brad Phipps ; Chad Cooper ; Chad Lee ; Chris Skinner ; Dale
Mabry ; Darrell Breneman ; Donnie Eubanks ; Heather Morgan ; Jack Heino ; James Erben ; Jason Asher ; Jeff
Frisch ; Jeremy Sexton ; Jim Inskeep ; Joab Scott ; Josh Campbell ; Kelly Nawman ; Kim Zacharias ; Lonnie
Elmore ; Lyle Herman ; Mark Ewing ; Matt Henry ; Matt Hilbert ; Matt Piccolantonio ; Matt Warden ; Mike Burton ;
Mike Murray ; Nathan Sachs ; Pete Lenhardt ; Randy Barker ; Rich Crabtree ; Rick Colliver ; Rod Rice ; Rod
Wilson ; Scott Anspach ; Scott Wagner ; Shawn Golden ; Shawn Waller ; TC Underwood ; Todd German ; Tom
Bidlack ; Tom Morgan ; Rose Robinson ; Anne Barr ; Barbara Sharp ; Charm Warner ; Danie Covert ; Eric
Murray ; Jeff Hix ; Katie Holdren ; Melissa Robbins ; Rebecca Heath
Cc: Rocky Nelson ; Tom Morgan ; Betsy Spain ; Anne Barr ; Shelley Young ; Christine Burnard
Sent: Tuesday, September 04, 2007 7:30 AM
Subject: SR4 blitz

Today starts our SR4 traffic blitz and it runs through the end of the month. Our goal, once again, is to make a
difference on SR 4 between Marysville and Marion. I am asking that everyone, not just the units working the O.T.,
give special attention to this route and aggressively work the speed, improper passing, seat belts and following to
close violations as well as stepping up the OVI enforcement at night. Again, there is a popular misconception that
65 MPH is an "O.K." speed, but it is not. If we are going to make a difference on this route, as well as other
routes, we need to start writing these speeds. Last time we worked this the Commercials got the message real
quick that 62 mph was not a safe speed.

10/12/2007

Page 2 of 2

As we wrap up this grant year (ends Sept 30th) let's go out with a big bang by showing the motoring public that we are concerned about the safety of the residents traveling on SR4. We received so many positive comments from our last operation on Route 4, I think we can do it again.

Supervisors: If the manpower allows it, please schedule units to work this route. A mini blitz would be great. If you foresee extra manpower, contact the OSP for a plane, they were more than eager to come up and help.

Betsy: Can you keep track of our activity on SR4 for the month of September, just like you did last time.

Thanks

Lt.

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10/12/2007

# 1. Introduction

This document provides an overview of the key concepts and methodologies used in the study of **quantum mechanics**. It covers fundamental principles, mathematical formulations, and practical applications.

## 2. Fundamental Principles

### 2.1 Wave-Particle Duality

Quantum mechanics introduces the concept of wave-particle duality, where particles such as electrons and photons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. This duality is central to understanding the behavior of quantum systems.

### 2.2 Superposition

The principle of superposition states that a quantum system can exist in multiple states simultaneously until it is measured. This is mathematically represented by a wave function, denoted as $$|\psi\rangle$$.

### 2.3 Uncertainty Principle

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle. This is expressed as:
\Delta x \cdot \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}
where $$\Delta x$$ is the uncertainty in position, $$\Delta p$$ is the uncertainty in momentum, and $$\hbar$$ is the reduced Planck constant.

## 3. Mathematical Formulations

### 3.1 Schrödinger Equation

The Schrödinger equation is a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes over time. It is given by:
i\hbar \frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t} = \hat{H} \Psi
where $$\hat{H} = \frac{\hbar}{2} \frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial t} + \hat{H} \Psi$$ and $$\hbar$$ is the reduced Planck constant.

### 3.2 Dirac Notation

Dirac notation is a convenient and convenient way to represent quantum states and operators. It uses bra-ket notation, where the ket $$|\psi\rangle$$ represents a quantum state, and a bra $$\langle\psi|$$ represents its dual.

## 4. Practical Applications

### 4.1 Quantum Computing

Quantum computing leverages the principles of superposition and entanglement to perform computations that are infeasible for classical computers. Quantum bits, or qubits, are the fundamental units of quantum information.

### 4.2 Quantum Cryptography

Quantum cryptography uses the principles of quantum mechanics to secure communication. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a cornerstone of quantum computing, where key distribution is used to secure communication protocols.

## 5. Conclusion

Quantum mechanics is a cornerstone of modern physics, providing a framework for understanding the behavior of particles at the smallest scales. Its principles and mathematical formulations have led to groundbreaking technologies and continue to drive innovation in various fields.

## 6. References

- Griffiths, D. J. (2005). *Introduction to Quantum Mechanics*. Pearson.
- Shankar, R. (2012). *Principles of Quantum Mechanics*. Plenum Press.

State Route #4 Enforcement Evaluation Project Updated February 7, 2007 Roster

|  Name | Agency | Title | Work Phone | E-Mail  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  Michael S. Brining | ODPS/GHSO | LEL | 614-946-2878 | mbrining@columbus.rr.com  |
|  Donnie Eubanks | Union County Sheriff's Office | Sergeant | 937-645-4100 | deubanks@co.union.oh.us  |
|  Jim Everett | ODPS/GHSO | LEL | 419-236-1456 | Jeverett1@who.rr.com  |
|  Dan Wise | ODOT | County Manager | 740-833-8146 | Dan.wise@dot.state.oh.us  |
|  D.J. Barron | Marion County Sheriff's Office | Deputy | 740-382-8244 | dbarron@co.marion.oh.us  |
|  Dave Church | OSHP Post #51 | Lieutenant | 740-383-2181 | dachurch@dps.state.oh.us  |
|  Mike Hasson | OSHP Post #80 | Sergeant | 937-644-8811 | mhasson@dps.state.oh.us  |
|  Jeff Frisch | Union County Sheriff's Office | Lieutenant | 937-645-4150 | jfrisch@co.union.oh.us  |
|  Rocky Nelson | Union County Sheriff's Office | Sheriff | 937-645-4125 | rnelson@co.union.oh.us  |
|  Art Combest | OSHP/Piqua DHQ | S/Lieutenant | 937-773-0242 | acombest@dps.state.oh.us  |
|  Rick Zwayer | OSHP Post #80 | Lieutenant | 937-644-8811 | rzwayer@dps.state.oh.us  |
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